Human Factors And The Weekend Pilot Essays - Aviation Law

Human Factors And The Weekend Pilot If any area of aviation could benefit from realistic and workable human factors solutions, it's the area of general aviation (GA) and the weekend pilot. Many of the aircraft flow by the weekend pilot are older and do not have the benefits of modern flight deck design. However, the demands on these pilots, as far as maintaining radio contact with air traffic control and operating their aircraft in crowded airspace has increased. Air traffic control is generally speaking, less tolerant of the weekend pilot, yet this type of GA pilot is expected to perform as expeditiously as the pilot who flies for a living. Human factors research and design needs to be applied to the weekend pilots operating environment with the same vigor as it is applied to the rest of the aviation system. Some positive changes have been made. Visual charts or maps, which the weekend pilot uses to help navigate in visual flight conditions, have become user friendly. High traffic areas are color-coded for easy identification (and avoidance). Visual flight corridors, where weekend pilots can navigate through high traffic areas and around busy commercial airports, are also clearly marked for ease of use. This type of map design has clear human factors design inputs. Graphics (color and print) are quickly recognizable by the pilot to minimize the time the pilot spends on information processing. Less cognitive

Rain of Gold essays

Rain of Gold essays The book Rain Of Gold by Victor Villasenor was a powerful novel that depicted the lives of two different families and their struggles coming from one culture into another. Dona Margarita and Dona Guadalupe were the main characters of the novel who each led, taught, and helped their families grow and live their lives. Although both Dona Margarita and Dona Guadalupe came from different places and different ethnic backgrounds, they both were very proud of their heritage and both were very religious. Religion played a big role in the novel, as well as in the lives of the two In passage 2 were it describes Lupes fondness of her mother, Lupe does a good job of describing what kind person Dona Guadalupe is. She is a nurturer as well as a leader. Dona Guadalupe put the babys little feet in a bowel of warm water, and the child clinging to his mother. He never cried, listening to her heartbeat, the same music that hed heard from inside the womb. (pg.57) This particular passage portrays the exact kind of person Dona Guadalupe is. Very passionate and gentle when dealing with her children, she definitely is a very nurturing person. Dona Guadalupe was also a very religious lady. The birth of her children was truly a sign from God.(pg.58). At the end of this particular chapter Dona Guadalupe gathers everyone around to pray. Lupe, especially, is moved by this particular prayer and it reenergizes him and gives him strength to face the next day. Dona Margarita along with Dona Guadalupe is also a gentle nurturing person, but Dona Margarita can also be labeled as a survivor. When times were tough Dona Margarita always seemed to get everyone through. She was strong. In the morning, he was delirious...they massaged the soles of ...

Liturgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Liturgy - Essay Example The homily is always on the gospel of the day.† Considering the current universal trends and developments in worship, this statement is being tested for validity in the light of the Church of England’s Sunday Lectionary and Calendar of Common Worship. A lectionary is simply a list of Bible passages assigned to be read in designated days of the year. Although the Church of England does not prescribe which Bible translation to be used, the Common Worship Lectionary, which has a two-strand approach, is being adopted: one strand for special days and seasons and another strand for ordinary time (Horton et al, 2001). The church calendar being observed by the Anglican church is the same calendar being used by the traditional Christian churches. The calendar begins with the season of Advent in preparation for Christmas, followed by Christmas itself, then the Epiphany, then Lent with its conclusion at Pentecost (Common Worship, 2000). The Common Worship was the result of the incorporation of the improvements in the Alternative Service Book of the Church of England and was done to achieve overall uniformity in worship down to the local congregation (Horton et al, 2001). Latest improvements pertained specifically to providing flexibility in the substance and form of worship at the local service level. The question that invites contemplation and deep analysis is: In the light of this flexibility, how does it affect the homily? Must the homily always be on the gospel of the day, following the guidance of the Lectionary and the Calendar? The homily is delivered by the presiding priest or pastor right after the proclamation of the assigned Scripture reading, usually a gospel passage, during a worship ceremony as in the sacrifice of the mass. Being characteristically subjective in form and substance, the homily can have the tendency to veer away from its original intention, depending on the frame of mind and emotional state of the preacher. In a number of instances, the

The Key Drivers for Business Continuity Management Essay

The Key Drivers for Business Continuity Management - Essay Example 'Business Continuity can be seen as a bridge between Risk management and Emergency Planning; it utilizes the risk identification and management processes of formal risk management and the crisis management capabilities of emergency planning'. (Myers, 2006) This note is given by Myers (2006), and though it cannot be called one of the BCM definitions, but it gives better understanding of the terms and the area of its application. Thus Business Continuity management is aimed to work in both daily and emergency situations; according to the abovementioned citation, it becomes evident, that BCM should both work for the prevention of the critical situations (its primary aim) and for the minimization of the negative consequences for the events which have already taken place. This two-fold role is revealed no matter in which company BCM is implemented. It is difficult to implement BCM notions into the company's performance, but it is even more difficult to make BCM a part of the company's cor porate culture. Many UK organizations at present fail to implement effective plan of prevention critical incidents, which interrupt and may threaten their business activity. Disaster planning and risk management, as well as managing company's benefits is the area which is rarely addressed by the modern businesses. The principal question, which the companies ask, is 'why implement BCM notions How it will positively influence company's performance Are the minimized risks comparable to the costs involved In order to understand how important BCM is for the modern companies, it is interesting to look into the 2006 BCM survey which gives the principal lacks (problems) faced by the companies and thus give the reader basic understanding of... As the report highlights  business continuity Management, or BCM, as it is more commonly known, is a business organization-driven activity that is concerned with developing the organization's ability to continue providing critical services (or business processes) in the event of an interruption.From this paper it is clear that Business Continuity management is aimed to work in both daily and emergency situations; according to the abovementioned citation, it becomes evident, that BCM should both work for the prevention of the critical situations (its primary aim) and for the minimization of the negative consequences for the events which have already taken place. This two-fold role is revealed no matter in which company BCM is implemented. It is difficult to implement BCM notions into the company's performance, but it is even more difficult to make BCM a part of the company's corporate culture.  Many UK organizations at present fail to implement effective plan of prevention critica l incidents, which interrupt and may threaten their business activity. Disaster planning and risk management, as well as managing company's benefits is the area which is rarely addressed by the modern businesses.  The present economy can be characterized as being digital networked economy, which actually has no clear boundaries and thus is more vulnerable to various undesirable invasions (either computer and Internet viruses, or financial frauds).

Any topic of your choosing from the study of law enforcement Research Paper

Any topic of your choosing from the study of law enforcement - Research Paper Example As such, they often apprehend criminals who are a menace to innocent citizens (Goldstein 12). This sparks hatred between the criminal gangs and police officers. In this situation, criminal gangs decree that police officers will be vulnerable when they are off work. This is partially owing to the protection from other officers while at work. Similarly, police officers are vulnerable when they are off work since they are not armed (Stering 33). This makes them an easy target. A number of cases have been reports where police officers are attacked at their place of residence. This is a challenge they face owing to their involvement in law enforcement. They are targeted since they limit the activities of criminal gangs. Police officers are considered one of the most stressed government officers. The stress levels in police officers increase owing to the indulgence in their work. They are required to work for long hours since they have to protect the nation throughout day and night (Forbes , 54). This leads to limited hours of sleep. This affects their lives, even when they are off duty. For example, their sleeping pattern is frequently distracted owing to the scope of their work. At times, the police officers are required to report on duty at night. As such, they often feel fatigued and tired. This could affect their family life. In most cases, police officers have families, which need their support and care. Consequentially, with such working conditions, the family support and care is jeopardized. The families have to persevere with such conditions, as it is almost impossible to rectify such a situation. In bizarre instances, it leads to neglect of the family since they do not have ample time with the family. The family could feel neglected since the police officer, who has a family is hardly present for the family. This will increase the stress levels of the police officers as they could have a guilty conscience. Police officers will often have stress concerning th eir job. As such, they would like to relieve their stress with the easiest possible means. Apparently, controlling stress to manageable levels is an indulging activity that needs time and dedication (Stering 19). For example, visiting a therapist will consume time and finances. As such, they revert to using alcohol and drugs. This behavior starts as a genuine solution to an incumbent problem. However, it exceeds to become a problem in itself. When the officers are drunk or high on drugs, they will have ease as they have solved some of their problems. Unfortunately, they get used to the behavior of using drugs and abusing alcohol most of the times they are stressed. This leads to addiction. This further deteriorates the situation as they depend on alcohols and drugs in solving and relieving their stress. As a fact, solving such a situation will require intervention from concerned parties. Bizarrely, some of the concerned parties do not have the time to reflect on the problems of the police officers (Raymond, 41). As such, they will continue with such behaviors. This ruins their life especially when they are off duty. For example, they will have to look for additional finances to sustain their alcohol and drug consumption. This will lead to uncouth behavior including corruption. Police officers are often dispatched to places marred with chaos, war and fighting between members of a society (Goldstein 23). At times, this is not a welcoming scene. Police

German Essays Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn

German Essays Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn The interpretation of the enlightenment by immanuel kant and moses mendelssohn. The Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that considerably influenced scientific and social thinking of the eighteenth century, was exposed to a profound analysis by Immanuel Kant who connected the concept of enlightenment with personal freedom, pondering over ‘private’ and ‘public’ usage of reason, and Moses Mendelssohn who introduced the notions ‘civil enlightenment’ and ‘human enlightenment’ to differentiate between social and individual understanding of enlightenment. While Kant looked for the ways to achieve a balance between public and private usage of reason, Mendelssohn paid attention to the differences between human and civil enlightenment, revealing the difficulties of acquiring this balance. However, in their definitions of enlightenment both Kant, the follower of the German Enlightenment, and Mendelssohn, the originator of the Haskalah, the Enlightenment of Jews, uncovered â€Å"the tension between the agenda of enli ghtenment and the exigencies of society† (Schmidt 5). Making an attempt to provide his definition of the Enlightenment in the essay â€Å"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?† written as a response to the Reverend Zollner, Immanuel Kant states that â€Å"enlightenment is man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage† (83). Thus, according to Kant, enlightenment is achieved through personal freedom that is impossible to acquire without such crucial human traits as courage and intellect (Belas 457-460). However, Kant’s definition of enlightenment expels an open struggle, because it can return people to tutelage, depriving them of the possibility to achieve enlightenment. Proposing to eliminate certain church and state restrictions, Kant applies to two different usages of reason that constitute true enlightenment – ‘private’ usage and ‘public’ usage. As Kant points out, â€Å"By the public use of one’s reason I understand the use of which a person makes of it as a scholar before the reading public. Private use I call that which may make of it in a particular civil post of office which entrusted to him† (89). Although the philosopher draws a parallel between these concepts, he points at the fact that the private usage of reason should be subjected to certain limitations, while the public usage of reason should be kept free, because â€Å"it alone can bring about enlightenment among men† (Kant 89). In this regard, Moses Mendelssohn’s definition of the Enlightenment is similar to Kant’s definition, but Mendelssohn relies on different concepts in his analysis. Mendelssohn regards enlightenment as the acquisition of particular knowledge that creates the necessary balance between a person as a citizen and a person as a human being. In view of this definition, Mendelssohn differentiates between ‘civil enlightenment’, which corresponds with certain social interests, and ‘human enlightenment’, wh ich deals with individual knowledge of a person and, according to James Schmidt, â€Å"paid heed neither to some distinctions nor to the maintenance of social order† (5). However, unlike Immanuel Kant, Moses Mendelssohn admits that there are some particular cases when public aspects of enlightenment should be strongly restricted. As Schmidt states, â€Å"While Mendelssohn was willing to concede that there might be certain unhappy circumstances in which philosophy must remain silent lest it pose a threat to public order, Kant was uncompromising in his insistence that the public exercise of reason should never be restricted† (5-6). To some extent, Kant’s attitude can be explained by that fact that the philosopher interprets enlightenment through the issues of religion, considering the existing religious dogmas as an obstacle towards personal freedom (Lassman 815-820). Thus, regarding freedom as one of the most crucial aspects of enlightenment, Kant simultaneously brings up a question of people’s independence from religion, while Mendelssohn points at freedom within religious faith. In this context, Kant tends to define enlightenment in practical terms, while Mendelssohn analyses theoretical aspects of enlightenment, claiming that â€Å"Enlightenment seems†¦ to have to do with the theo retical, specifically with reasoned apprehension of the world in an objective sense† (313). Operating with the notion ‘Bildung’ that means knowledge in a wider sense of the word and combines two social elements – enlightenment and culture, Moses Mendelssohn claims that enlightenment greatly depends on culture. As the philosopher puts it, â€Å"Enlightenment is to culture as theory is to practice, as discernment is to morality, as cultural criticism is to virtuosity. When viewed objectively in and of themselves, they exist in the closest possible synergy, even if they can be viewed subjectively as separate categories† (314). In view of this definition it is clear that for a person as a citizen both culture and enlightenment are important, because, according to Mendelssohn, â€Å"all practical virtues only acquire meaning in relation to life in the social sphere† (315). However, for a person as a human being enlightenment is more crucial than cu lture. On the other hand, Mendelssohn states that enlightenment contributes to theoretical usage, while culture is better applied to practical usage. But those nations that manage to combine both culture and enlightenment achieve the highest level of the Enlightenment, like the Ancient Greeks. Mendelssohn considers that modern societies rarely achieve this standard, as he claims, â€Å"Nurembergers have more culture, Berliners more enlightenment, the French more culture, the British more enlightenment, the Siamese more culture and little enlightenment† (314). The similar notion is expressed by Kant who points at the fact that various religious dogmas deprive people of the possibility to achieve freedom and enlightenment; that is why modern people only strive for enlightenment, but they do no live within enlightenment. According to Kant, people find it really difficult to get rid of someone’s guidance, especially the guidance of church or state. But Kant puts major responsibili ty for such dependence from religion on people who are unable to appropriately use their intellect to acquire true enlightenment. The philosopher thinks that religion destroys people’s selves and deprives them of the possibility to attain the equilibrium of private and public usage of reason. For Kant, enlightenment is determined by a person’s capacity to freely utilise his/her reason. Theoretically, every person has rights and abilities to utilise his/her reason, but in practice only some individuals reveal power and courage to achieve enlightenment. For instance, Kant states that a priest should restrict his private usage of reason, because he follows the religious dogmas of his church; however, he should not restrict his public usage of reason, if he can make some useful offers and provide new knowledge. In this regard, Immanuel Kant regards enlightenment as a continuous progress, but he states that â€Å"a public can achieve enlightenment only slowly† (84). The philosopher acknowledges that some social changes can result in the elimination of certain biases or dogmas, but these old prejudices can be replaced by new biases and rules of behaviour that may slow down the process of enlightenment. However, Kant points out that enlightenment can be delayed onl y for a short period of time, but â€Å"to give up enlightenment altogether, either for oneself or one’s descendants, is to violate and to trample upon the sacred rights of man† (86). Kant considers that the eighteenth century is the age of enlightenment, as various religious issues are exposed to critical analysis by some individuals who apply to reason to enlighten themselves. Discussing the issue of enlightenment, Mendelssohn reveals that â€Å"reason could demonstrate the fundamental truths of natural religion† (Arkush xiii). Mendelssohn claims that reason provides new understanding of religious dogmas, and it is this particular understanding that contributes to people’s enlightenment. In this regard, Mendelssohn manages to adjust the Enlightenment’s rationality with religion, although the philosopher realises that enlightenment provides people with free will and thinking, while religion controls people’s actions and thoughts. In view of this interpretation of enlightenment, Mendelssohn’s viewpoint corresponds with Kant’s vision, as both philosophers support the notion that true enlightenment can be achieved by those individuals who are able to dispute, but at the same time obey. For Mendelssohn and Kant, the ability to dispute reveals people’s reason and courage, while the ability to obey reflects their enlightenment. Thus, enlightenment is more than a simple process of acquiring certain knowledge; rather it is a particular stand, which people may create. However, according to Kant, society can acquire enlightenment more easily than an individual, if taken into account the fact that public usage of reason is not exposed to any restrictions. As Kant states, â€Å"it is difficult for an isolated individual to work himself out of a dependency that has become virtually second-nature to him† (84). The philosopher considers that only some individuals manage to overcome this dependenc y; however, as Kant further claims in the essay, â€Å"but that a public at large might manage to enlighten itself is, in contrast, something quite possible† (84). Unlike Kant, Mendelssohn points at the necessity of some limitations and states that enlightenment can be achieved, if every person receives freedom of religious faith. But Mendelssohn claims that this freedom is possible if two major institutions of power – state and church are separated. Making an attempt to draw a parallel between the ideas of the Enlightenment and Jewish religion, Moses Mendelssohn regards enlightenment as a crucial aspect of Jews’ emancipation (Shmueli 167-169). In this regard, Mendelssohn’s interpretation of enlightenment is based on the principles of natural religion and reason that contribute to the formation of enlightened society (Meyer 29). Kant’s definition of enlightenment is founded on the connection between reason and modified authoritative laws. However, both Mendelssohn’s and Kant’s ideas of enlightenment are cantered on the concept of freedom, although the philosophers utilise different approaches in their interpretation of the role of freedom in the process of enlightenment. As Immanuel Kant regards enlightenment as both a continuous progress and a particular attitude or responsibility, he considers that a person is able to achieve freedom and enlightenment only if he/she changes himself/herself. In other words, enlightenment serves as a specific tool, through which a person expresses his/her self, and, on the other hand, it is a certain command that a person gives himself/herself and provides to other individuals. Therefore, Kant presents enlightenment as a progress in which people act together and as an individual expression of courage. Taking this interpretation of enlightenment into account, it is clear that Kant differentiates between the usage of reason and the sphere of obedience, but the philosopher clearly demonstrates that both states depend on people’s courage and intellect. For instance, if a person pays his/her taxes, but expresses his/her negative attitude to the taxation system, he/she reveals intellect and courage that speak of his/her maturity. In this case, a person acquires enlightenment that results in his/her inner freedo m. In his interpretation of enlightenment, Mendelssohn points at freedom of conscience; this freedom is closely connected with people’s religious faith. According to Mendelssohn, a state should not influence religious faith of people; it is this particular freedom of choice that constitutes the core of Mendelssohn’s definition of enlightenment. Critically analysing Jewish religious dogmas through the idea of enlightenment, Mendelssohn manages to overcome the existing religious biases and bring together Christian and Jewish religions (Beiser 92-93). For Moses Mendelssohn, such changes constitute true enlightenment, reviving humanism and indulgence. Although both Mendelssohn and Kant apply to religious aspects in their interpretations of enlightenment, they utilise different viewpoints. Kant discusses the issue of enlightenment through religion, because he considers that the existing religious institutions are too harmful for people; thus it is crucial to reduce their influe nce on individuals, utilising reason to challenge church authorities. Kant considers that a person should reject the prevalent religious stereotypes and produce new standards for himself/herself in accordance with reason and free will.   Unlike Kant, Mendelssohn points at the fact that the process of enlightenment is religious in its essence; that is why the philosopher makes an attempt to conciliate religious issues with rationality of philosophical thinking (Sorkin 35-42). Despite the fact that Mendelssohn regards Judaism as religion that possesses the highest level of reason, he nevertheless criticises some aspects of this religion, destroying traditional understanding of Judaism (Altmann 13-19). Mendelssohn considers that enlightenment can provide people with the logical interpretation of certain religious issues. The philosopher thinks that simple faith in God is not able to prove the existence of God, but, applying to reason, people are able to find answers to all controversial religious aspects. As Arkush points out, in his definition of enlightenment Mendelssohn reveals that â€Å"reason could demonstrate the fundamental truths of natural religion; that is, the existence of God, providence, and immortalityâ €  (xiii). Kant expresses the similar notion, claiming that reason can both prove and disapprove the existence of God; in other words, reason inspires both people’s beliefs and doubts. But only analysing two sides of the issue with the help of reason, an enlightened individual is able to realise the essence of the universe and his/her own existence. In this regard, Kant reveals the idea that even the striving for enlightenment relieves people of their dependence and provides them with freedom. On the other hand, contrasting such aspects of enlightenment as reason and freedom with immaturity and dependence, Kant opposes Mendelssohn’s appreciation of Judaism. For Kant, Judaism greatly depends on a materialist world; it is a religion that utilises people for its own benefits, depriving them of freedom and enlightenment.    The differences between Kant and Mendelssohn are intensified even more when the philosophers discuss the dawning of the age of enlightenment. According to Moses Mendelssohn, the era of enlightenment would hardly come, because throughout their history human beings have moved onward and backward, preventing further development of humankind. Moses considers that an individual person is able to acquire a certain level of enlightenment; however, entire humankind creates constant limitations and laws, either religious or state, which hinder the process of enlightenment. In his analysis of enlightenment Kant expresses a different viewpoint; in particular, he claims that humankind always progresses in its development. Although the philosopher acknowledges the existence of some limitations and obstacles, he points at the fact that these limits may only slow down the process of enlightenment, but they can never completely destroy it. As Kant regards enlightenment as a continuous progress, he r ealises that people, utilising reason and acquiring some knowledge, will continue to strive for enlightenment. And it is this aspiration for profound knowledge and understanding of human existence that Kant interprets as enlightenment. In this regard, Kant thinks that it is really important to draw a parallel between past and present generations, analysing various stages of their development. On the other hand, Kant reveals an obvious obstacle to the progress of enlightenment; as people usually analyse only separate parts of the universe, they fail to combine these elements into a complete picture. As a result of this inability, human beings may find it difficult to influence each other and fully integrate into the process of enlightenment. However, despite these obvious differences, both Kant and Mendelssohn in their interpretation of enlightenment make attempts to maintain the ideas of rationalism without an open rejection of the existence of God. This is especially true in regard to Moses Mendelssohn who does not challenge the existence of God, but opposes the existing religious laws that create the unchanging truth for believers, depriving them of the possibility to achieve enlightenment. Thus, both Mendelssohn and Kant define enlightenment through the analysis of the practical ways to achieve enlightenment; however, unlike Mendelssohn, Kant bases his definition on ce rtain negations, such as ‘dependence’, ‘immaturity’, ‘shortage of courage’. In this context, Kant demonstrates that the first step in acquiring enlightenment is the elimination of everything that deprives people of reason and freedom; only overcoming the first stage of elimination, a person is able to proceed to the second stage of acquisition. Analysing the definitions of the Enlightenment by Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn, the essay has revealed that Kant’s interpretation of enlightenment is based on the concept of freedom and mainly deals with a person’s ability to overcome immaturity and inner fears. Discussing enlightenment, especially through religious aspects, Kant provides two major concepts that constitute his vision – ‘private’ and ‘public’ usage of reason. Mendelssohn’s interpretation of enlightenment reflects a close connection between enlightenment and culture, but the philosopher’s distinction of ‘civil enlightenment’ and ‘human enlightenment’ demonstrates the difference between a person as a citizen and a person as a human being. Although both Kant and Mendelssohn adhere to public and private aspects in their understanding of enlightenment, their interpretations considerably differ. In particular, Kant considers that t he public usage of reason should be kept free, while the private usage should be exposed to certain limitations; unlike Kant, Mendelssohn thinks that in some cases the public usage should be restricted, or otherwise it may produce some negative consequences for society. In this regard, Kant’s definition concerns a practical side of the issue, although it is based on the principles of ‘escape’, for instance, escape from inner fears toward maturity. On the contrary, Mendelssohn’s definition is created on a theoretical basis and interprets enlightenment through the principles of ‘achievement’. However, both Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn point at the necessity of freedom in the Enlightenment, despite the fact that Kant tends to maintain the idea of freedom from religion, while Mendelssohn supports the idea of freedom within religion. Works Cited Altmann, Alexander. Moses Mendelssohn, A Biographical Study. Alabama: University of Alabama   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 1973. Arkush, Allan. Moses Mendelssohn and the Enlightenment. Albany, NY: State University of New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   York Press, 1994. Beiser, Frederick. The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte. Cambridge and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Belas, L. Kant and the Enlightenment. Filozofia. 54 (2000): 457-463. Kant, Immanuel. What is Enlightenment. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals and What is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enlightenment. By Immanuel Kant. New York: Macmillan, 1990. 83-90. Lassman, Peter. Enlightenment, Cultural Crisis, and Politics. The Role of Intellectuals from Kant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to Habermas. The European Legacy. 5 (2000): 815-828. Mendelssohn, Mo ses. On the Question: What does To Enlighten Mean? Philosophical Writings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By Moses Mendelssohn. Trans. and ed. Daniel O. Dahlstrom. Cambridge: Cambridge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, 1997. 313-317. Meyer, Michael. The Origins of the Modern Jew. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1967. Schmidt, James, ed. What is Enlightenment?: Eighteenth-Century Questions and Twentieth-Century   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Answers. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1996. Shmueli, Efraim. Seven Jewish Cultures: A Reinterpretation of Jewish History and Thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.   Ã‚   Sorkin, David. Moses Mendelssohn and the Religious Enlightenment. Berkeley: University of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     California Press, 1996.

Free Essays on The Stranger (The Outsider): Freedom and Death :: Camus Stranger Essays

Freedom and Death in The Stranger (The Outsider)  Ã‚      In The Stranger (The Outsider), as in all Camus’ works, Camus’ views on freedom and death – one dependent on the other – are major themes. For Camus, freedom arises in awareness of one’s life, the every-moment life, an intense glorious life that needs no redeeming, no regrets, no tears. Death is unjustifiable, absurd; it is but a reintegration into the cosmos for a â€Å"free† man. Until a person reaches this awareness, life, like death, is absurd, and indeed, generically, life remains absurd, though each individual’s life can be valuable and meaningful to him. In a sense, The Stranger is a parable of Camus’ philosophy, with emphasis on that which is required for freedom. Meursault, hero of The Stranger, is not a person one would be apt to meet in reality in this respect; Meursault does not achieve the awakening of consciousness, so essential to freedom and to living Camus’ philosophy until the very end of the book, yet h e has lived his entire life in according with the morality of Camus’ philosophy. His equivalent in the Christian philosophy would be an irreligious person whose homeland has never encountered Christianity who, upon having it explained by a missionary, realizes he has never sinned. What is the morality, the qualities necessary for freedom, which Meursault manifested? First, the ruling trait of his character is his passion for the absolute truth. While in Meursault this takes the form of a truth of being and feeling, it is still the truth necessary to the conquest of the self or of the world. This passion is so profound that it obtains even when denying it might save his life. Second, and not unrelated to the first, is Meursault’s acceptance of nature as what it is and nothing more, his rejection of the supernatural, including any god. Actually, â€Å"rejection† of God is not accurate until later when he is challenged to accept the concept; Meursault simply has ne ver considered God and religion worthwhile pursuing. The natural makes sense; the supernatural doesn’t. It follows that death to Meursault also is what it is naturally; the end of life, cessation, and that is all. Third, and logically following, Meursault lives entirely in the present. The past is past and dwelling upon it in any mood is simply a waste of the present. As to the future, the ultimate future is death; to sacrifice the present to the future is equivalent to sacrificing life to death.

Challenges Facing the Nontraditional Female Student

There are many challenges that come with a college education for a nontraditional female student. These hurdles can have a negative effect on a college student or be the catalyst that drives them to succeed. A college degree can be an attainable goal for the nontraditional college student by accepting the challenges that come and staying true to the goal ahead. The three articles that I will refer to are; â€Å"Inspiration from Home: Understanding Family as Key to Adult Women’s Self-Investment†, by Annemarie Vaccaro and Cheryl Lovell, â€Å"Good Times to Hard Times: An Examination of Adult Learners’ Enrollment from 2004-2010. by Sara B. Kimmel, Kristena P. Gaylor, M. Ray Grubbs & J. Bryan Hayes, finally, â€Å"Nontraditional College Students: Assumptions, Perceptions and Directions for a Meaningful Academic Experience,† by Lakia Scott and Chance Lewis. These studies describe both the positive and negative challenges faced by the nontraditional student. Fi rst, the positive points are: â€Å"[i]n studies comparing traditional-age and adult learners, older students outperform young women,† and â€Å"adult women learners may experience a†¦ different and more positive transformation than their†¦younger†¦ counterparts† (162). Then other positive impacts are the gratification of going to college which increased skills, self- respect and personal freedom. Also, they write, â€Å"[i]n a sense, family was key to women’s inspiration to remain engaged in school. Earning a degree and†¦. family pride were strong motivators to invest in education. One way women were motivated by kin was the prospect of being the first person in their family to graduate from college†(168). These points are from the article, â€Å"Inspiration from Home† by Vacarro and Lovell. In the Scott and Lewis article, Nontraditional College†¦Ã¢â‚¬  found that â€Å"older learners are highly goal-oriented and expect feedback on assignments from their instructors, are likely to be active participants in their college courses† and â€Å"that older students will be more engaged†¦ persist longer, and even ask relevant questions when they are interested and motivated to learn about the subject† (2). Then there are negative challenges for the student as well. According to Hayes et al in their article â€Å"Good Times†¦,† some barriers to adult learners returning to college include personal and family commitments, financial limitations and a fear of returning to school (20). There have been numerous studies conducted with nontraditional age female students that state personal and work responsibilities are stressors that distract students. They purport that family and education are greedy institutions that are demanding of a woman’s time, attention and emotional strength. Also, it was found that many women do not have emotional support from family and receive not just negative reactions but downright hostility. There is a great chance that women will drop out of college because of the burdens that come with work, school and family (Vaccaro & Lovell 162). In the article â€Å"Nontraditional College.. † Scott & Lewis reference a study of college students over the age of 50 and they found â€Å"students age fifty and older†¦lack responsibility and motivation to study†¦compared to traditional students. † There has been an argument that the aging brain will not be able to absorb and learn college level courses (2). Then the finan cial issue, â€Å"[f]irst generation students are more likely to come from poor, working-class, and lower-middle–class backgrounds†¦although juggling family and work was extremely difficult, working-class women†¦realized there were no other options†¦ women in this study worked full-time jobs† (Vaccaro &Lovell 168). I concur that there are numerous positive and negative challenges confronting the female nontraditional student. The negative aspects are family demands interfering with the student’s time to study, the work obligation that conflicts with their schedule, or adult women students don’t have the motivation to do the necessary work assigned. Then there are financial ramifications of working a job while trying to attend college. On the other hand, the positive findings are that these learners are highly motivated, goal oriented people that want to achieve their college degree and become the first in their family to graduate from college. All these are very real issues that the adult student faces but if the student accepts these challenges and stays true to the goal ahead, a college degree is attainable.

Juxtapositions for Creative and Critical Thinking Essays

Juxtapositions for Creative and Critical Thinking Essays Juxtapositions for Creative and Critical Thinking Essay Juxtapositions for Creative and Critical Thinking Essay Essay Topic: Critical Thinking Juxtapositions for Creative and Critical Thinking On September 20, 2012 I attended the Core Convocation held at St. Catherine University in the O’ Shaughnessy Theater. The topic of the Core Convocation was entitled Juxtapositions and Mental Gymnastics, instructed by Geri Chavis. Chavis is an English Professor at the University of St. Catherine. She has been teaching at the university for some thirty five years or so. She is involved in therapeutic use of poetry for healing. She exclaimed her love for literature of the Romantic period and her fascination of multidisciplinary or integrated education. Chavis refers to her approach to education as â€Å"horizontal interactions†. This Idea of â€Å"horizontal interactions† basically describes what she calls the juxtaposition, where two or more completely opposite ideas, subjects, media, excreta can be linked somehow. In education this linking becomes important. I think it helps the students actually learn verses just memorizing material in order to pass a test. When subjects are presented in a manor so that they can be linked it creates not only repetition but also a new light in which to view things, like that â€Å"ah ha moment† in which one truly understands something for the first time. Last semester I attended the University of Minnesota Rochester. There, they pride their college courses on being integrated. All my classes from Calculus, to Biology, to The History of Terrorism could be linked in one way or another. I found this concept that Chavis also described as â€Å"linking knowledge across fields† to be extremely useful based on my own experiences. I am very good at memorizing material. I typically get good grades in school, but I feel that in the past I have actually â€Å"learned† very little. If I had to retake some of the tests I aced then I would fail miserably. I found that I actually â€Å"learned† more last semester; I was able to make that linkage and apply it to my studies to which I actually understood the material. I found that I have carried that ability to link my courses into my first semester at St. Catherine’s and it has greatly improved my ability to understand subject material, to be able to produce well educated opinions and to allow my thinking to be both creative and critical. Chavis discusses how spontaneity or creative thinking and ogic or critical thinking goes hand and hand. She used a visual of overlapping circles to show how the subjects can be linked and promote creativity with language. Chavis challenges the viewers to write about their shoes. I had fun describing the color, texture, design and comfort of my shoes. She then adds more criteria, telling us to talk about where our shoes have taken us. I loved this writing. I usually h ave difficult time thinking about what to write but I found that literally describing my shoe led to giving it personality. Once my shoe had personality my writing turned into a story of a journey through the perspective of my shoes. Everyone knows shoes don’t think or have feelings, but they do all have a story and it was fun to dive into what that story might be. Chavis then read a poem called Poison Tree by William Blake. The poem describes anger as though it was a tree. The author water his tree with more built up anger until it grows with in him until it becomes self-destructive. She then played a song that was inspired by the poem she had just read bringing new light onto the meaning of the poem. I found it interesting how I was able to connect with the meaning of the poem more through the musical version verses the poem. I think many people can relate to this poem. We are often more likely to express our emotions with those we love. Getting issues off our chest, so to speak, allows us to move on. But deep rooted anger that is not released only grows until it becomes self-destructive or explosive into something far darker than the issue itself. I enjoyed the Core Convocation. I don’t think I realized the â€Å"links† between the topic and my life until I put my thoughts into this reflection paper. I would have liked to have driven deeper into some of the topics Chavis was discussing. I felt we only scratched the surface of many ideas. Once one is able to make connections between multiple ideas it was kind of fun to try and find more. Although, I still find expressing my thoughts through writing Chavis’s exercises helped me to allow creativity to flow, especially the shoe exercise. I wish I had someone there to help me do that all the time. Writing would be much more fun and less of a chore for me.

attribute associated with the Business Entrepreneur and researched in the context of one noteworthy entrepreneur The WritePass Journal

A written project on the theme of one selected characteristic/attribute associated with the Business Entrepreneur and researched in the context of one noteworthy entrepreneur Abstract A written project on the theme of one selected characteristic/attribute associated with the Business Entrepreneur and researched in the context of one noteworthy entrepreneur ). This study will investigate the main factors that innovation should possess, and the reasons behind its success among the consumers. The main critical analysis is going to be presented in the literature review. This will lay the foundation for further investigation. Practical evidence will demonstrate the case study in relation to the researched theories. Finally, the findings from the literature review and practical evidence are going to be juxtaposed in the analysis section. Literature Review Recent research suggests that innovation is an outcome of creativity. This implies that innovation may occur, when a person realizes stimulating and new ideas, which he or she, has (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). Some companies tend to shape the work environment in order to produce the conditions that work well in terms ofthe development of the creative ideas. This is primarily associated with the integration of the particular   practices, which allow the person to relax, and, therefore, generate ideas. Hopkins, (2010) suggests that innovation is a discipline. This implies that   management of innovation may be compared with   management of   quality, where each detail is essential. This also implies that, after generation of the idea, it is important to focus on the efficient development of production, supply chain, distribution and marketing. The process of innovation development is also interlinked to the production of   business model.   It is especially intensifi ed in the context of   entrepreneurship. Drucker, (2002), suggests that innovation is sourced from the knowledge and hard work. This suggests that in order for   innovation to be successful, it is necessaryto monitor the market, to interact and seek out   opportunities to seize. As a result,, there is a small chance for accidental innovation that might emerge (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). However, given the conditions of contemporary market and situation, this chance is slim. This is correlated to the evolutionary theory, which suggests that the process of innovation production is interlinked with the dynamism of the environment and acquired knowledge and skills. Furthermore, it was added that the success of innovation is sourced from the learning abilities and behavioural traits of the entrepreneur. This implies that the values, cognition and the aims of the individual directly impact the process of innovation development (Metcalfe, 1998; Dosi, 1997). According to complexity theory, Anderson, (1999) states that the creative ideas are sourced from the environmental changes. This suggests that   individuals and companies tend to take into   account the environmental dynamism, thus shifting their perceptions, according to the global and/or domestic changes. This is further interlinked with the evaluation of the information, which is sourced from these dynamical changes. This, in turn, results in the development of the innovations. This theory is based on the estimation that the innovation should evolve, as part of the constant environmental dynamics. Contrary to this, Brown and Eisenhardt, (1998) suggest that innovation is driven by experimentation rather than evolution. This implies that the individual should always experiment, in order to create some innovative solutions. This is attributed to the â€Å"trial and error† pathway. This pathway is regarded to be quite effective as demonstrated in the recent research. It is primarily interlinked with the hard work and discipline, which is noted in the study by Hopkins, (2010). Damanpour, (1992) disagrees and states that there is no definite practice that would allow efficient production and management of the innovative products and/or services. This suggests that there are four main factors that affect the possible success of the innovation. These factors are attributed to the type of innovation, stage of innovation, scope of innovation and   organization. Given the technology industry, the scope of   innovation is not easy to define at the startup stage of innovation. It has been identified by Rothwell and Dodgson, (1995) that there is a small difference between the development of   innovation in small companies and   large corporations. It has been estimated that the process of innovation development in small companies tend to be of a behavioural nature, whereas in large corporations – of a materialistic nature. Additionally, it has been added that the process of the development of innovation in the smaller companies tends to be dependent on the industry. It is assumed that, in the technology industry, the degree of innovation’s success is increased, due to the large pool of opportunities. However, as Hopkins, (2010) has pointed out, it does require a discipline. Freeman and Soete, (1997) agree that the innovative products and services depend on the scope of RD activities. This suggests that there is a greater chance for larger corporations to implement the innovation, due to the large available funds. However, as the recent res earch demonstrates, there are a lot of entrepreneurs, who have been successful in production of innovation with limited investments (e.g. Mark Zuckerberg; Steve Jobs). Littler, Leverick and Bruce, (2003) argue that the innovative product development is associated with high risk, which is dispensed across the production and Research and Development areas. As the result, it has been proposed in the same source that increased collaboration is required in order to achieve the objectives, in relation to the innovative solutions product. These scholars have also added that the main factors that affect the increase of the risk degree is attributed to the utilization of the new technology.   Practical Evidence This section focuses on the presentation of the practical evidence of the key theories that have been analysed in the literature review section. This section is based on the integration of the case study about Facebook and its founder, Mark Zuckerberg. Mark Zuckerberg, 28 is the founder of the world’s largest social networking website, Facebook. It was launched back in 2004, in the dorm room of Harvard University (CrunchBase, 2012). Prior to this, Mark Zuckerberg has tried to launch another two programs, namely a music recommendation program, Synapse and peer-to-peer client, Wirehog. However, he left them at the startup point (TechCrunch, 2012). Along with that, Mark Zuckerberg also launched Coursematch and Facemash programs during his studies at Harvard University. Facebook was originally developed for   students to interact, however it has been further extended to a global scale. As a result, Facebook has become a success internationally (New Yorker, 2010). Prior to the development of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg studied computer science, however, he has another degree in psychology. This suggests that he understands both the computer technology and human behaviour (New Yorker, 2012). With regard to the personal characteristics, Mark Zuckerberg has been described as quiet, unassuming gentleman, who focuses on hard work and achievement of the objectives. This shows that he doesn’t take anything for granted, thus focusing intensively on further development of Facebook operations. To date, Facebook has generated $1.26 billion, however, it has reported a recent loss, which is associated with the inability to develop the mobile advertising sector (CNCWorld, 2012; Information Week, 2012). The primary source of   income is attributed to the advertising since Facebook is free to subscribe. This implies that there is still   room for improvement in the mobile advertising area, whereas the main competitors already enjoy the generated prof its from this sector. The mobile advertising area has been overlooked by Mark Zuckerberg, given the recent rise in the access   to the Internet from mobile phones (New Media Trends, 2012). This implies that the modern consumers tend to utilize the mobile applications more, which is supported by the recent data that states that the number of mobile Internet users has doubled. Information Week, (2012) demonstrates that there have been 75 % of social networking users, who have accessed Facebook via their Android-supported mobile devices in U.S.A,   in March, 2012. Facebook management agrees that there is still a room for development however, the main problem is attributed to the inability to provide high resolution advertisements on small mobile screens (Information Week, 2012). This is assumed to be surprising, in the light of Mark Zuckerberg’s ability to develop the new social media platform, during the rise of the Internet. This implies that Mark Zuckerberg tends to seize the opportunities, once they arise. The main aim of Facebook, to   date, is regarded to be a willingness to make the globe a more open place, by   means of social interactions (New Yorker, 2010). However, contrary to this, Mark Zuckerberg, himself, is characterized as being private, thus not sharing a lot of information about himself. This is supported by the fact that he does not give a lot of interviews and/or make public appearances (CrunchBase, 2012). With regards to the work environment, that is managed in Facebook headquarters, it has been estimated in the recent research that the workers are driven to educate themselves while working. This is interconnected with the fact that Facebook was founded at the University so, Mark Zuckerberg is trying to transform the workplace into the educational institution in order to drive the creativity’s emergence. The design of the Facebook offices promotes openness as the key feature of Facebook program (Business Insider, 2009). This implies that   employees are not limited by the cubicles’ boundaries. Additionally, the working hours are flexible. This suggests that the employees may choose their own hours in order to deliver the best product solutions possible. Furthermore, Mark Zuckerberg tends to promote openess in interaction, suggesting that the employees are able to walk around the headquarters, thus interacting with others (Business Insider, 2009). The main aim of this i s to promote the development of the creative ideas, which would be applicable to the Facebook (Business Insider, 2009). Along with that, the main negative comments have only been attributed to the distant location of the Facebook headquarters. Additionally, some employees have stated that it is difficult to concentrate while working in the open areas. Therefore, the promoted openess does not work for everybody (Business Insider, 2009).   Analysis This section is based on the production of the links between the main theories and the key findings, derived from the practical evidence. It had been estimated that Facebook was developed, during the period, when internet, as a communication channel was starting to gain the popularity amongst the public (New Media Trends, 2012). This shows that Mark Zuckerberg had been following the evolutionary theory related to the innovative development and given his specialized knowledge and learning abilities, he scanned the environment for opportunities and dynamic changes (Anderson, 1999). In 2004, there was a limited amount of social networking platforms, presented on the market that would allow enjoyable social interaction. As a result, he developed   Facebook in order to meet the educational needs, with the limited resources available. It was based purely on the knowledge and skills he had obtained. One of the main benefits was that he could combine his technology-related knowledge with the education degree he received in psychology (Time, 2012). This has allowed the development of the social networking platform that would suit the needs of   consumers. Furthermore, the theoretical frameworks suggest that there is supposed to be a creative and relaxing environment in order to produce the innovative idea. At that time, Mark Zuckerberg has been studying in the university, which suggests that he was associated with the young and educated people with a lot of aspirations (New Yorker, 2010). Normally, in this environment, the most innovative ideas are born, so, this supports the theoretical evidence. Evolutionary theory is also supported by the fact that Mark Zuckerberg also tried to integrate other social media products but he failed to succeed with some of them. This demonstrates a certain degree of learning, integrated in the process of the innovation development. This implies that after the failure of his previous innovations , he has advanced the process of innovative solutions production, based on the mistakes he had made (CrunchBase, 2012). Additionally, the process of innovation production has been supported by the acquired and/or natural behavioural traits of the entrepreneur. This suggests that Mark Zuckerberg has always been a hard worker whilst eliminating the need â€Å"to take everything for granted† (Time, 2012). Therefore, he has always been focused on the achievement of his objectives. The elements of the accidental innovation may be followed once Facebook had become popular outside the university. This shows that, despite the primary educational objectives related to the Facebook platform, Mark Zuckerberg accidentally met the needs of a wider international audience (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). This was the starting point   of Facebook’s success. At the moment, being a large corporation,   Facebook constantly updates the website with new applications, as a result of the evaluation of the consumer needs and environment. However, some subscribers tend to be confused with the constant changes that Facebook integrates (Guardian, 2010). In this case, the aspects of experimentation are demonstrated. These can be traced inthe theory of â€Å"trial and error†, which suggests the evaluation of the most profitable products and services based on experimentation (Brown and Eisenhardt, 1998). This is proved to be effective, however it also drives a larg e degree of confusion amongst the subscribers. Another critical aspect is attributed to the problem with the mobile advertising, which has resulted in the decrease of the revenues of Facebook, recently (Business Insider, 2012). This suggests that management of the company failed to scan the environment in order to integrate the necessary solutions with regards to the emergence of the new trend. As the result, this has negatively resulted in the poor company’s performance (Business Insider, 2012). This is said to be especially surprising, given the ability of Mark Zuckerberg to seize the opportunities and the scope of the modern Facebook corporation. This is supported by the literature review findings, which suggest that it is much easier for larger corporations to integrate innovative solutions due to the large funding available for Research and Development activities (Freeman and Soete, 1997). In this case, at the moment, Facebook failed to do that. Recent data demonstrates that another reason behind this, is attributed to the lack of clear strategic vision. This implies that Mark Zuckerberg aims at the delivery of accidental innovations rather than the result of a clear strategic vision (Business Insider, 2009). He expects the innovation to appear as a result of the management of the creative environment. It has been estimated in the literature review that it is necessary to promote the discipline during the process of innovation development (Hopkins, 2010). However, with regards to Facebook’s work conditions, it is not necessarily applicable. This implies that the company aims to integrate open interactions and flexible working hours. This is said to be appealing for the majority of employees. However there are some employees, who   state that it is hard to concentrate while working in this sort of environment. As a result, Facebook aims to promote the casual and relaxing environment, which would allow development of creative solutions. Conclusion This paper was aimed at discussing research on innovation within the entrepreneurship context. It focused on the exploration of the Facebook case and its founder, Mark Zuckerberg. The main theories have indicated that there are several patterns of innovation development, namely accidental innovation production, evolutionary, experimental and complexity theories. The Literature review has also demonstrated that environment also plays a large role in the process of innovation development. Other scholars suggest that the success of innovation depends on the entrepreneur’s personal characteristic and actual characteristics attributed to the innovation. The main findings, based on the analysis of one of the greatest entrepreneurs, have demonstrated that the innovation’s production process incorporates   elements of accidental process and both experimental and evolutionary processes. Additionally, it has been estimated that the dynamics of the environment and personal chara cteristics of the entrepreneur tend to play a large role in relation to the worldwide success of the innovation. However, it is essential to further update the innovations in order to stay on the market. This, in turn, may also incorporate the elements of the experimentation. However, one of the main factors is related to the ability to seize the opportunities. References: Anderson, P. (1999). Complexity theory and organization science. Organization Science, 10, 3, 216 – 232 Austin, R., L. Devin, and E. Sullivan. (2012). Accidental Innovation: Supporting Valuable Unpredictability in the Creative Process. Organization Science, 23, 5, 1505-1522. Brown, S. L. and K. Eisenhardt (1998). Competing on the Edge Strategy as Structured Chaos. Harvard Business School Press: USA Business Insider, (2012). From $0 To $1 Billion In Two Quarters – Facebooks Mobile Ad Business Is Suddenly Huge. Available from: businessinsider.com/starting-from-0-facebook-has-created-a-1-billion-mobile-ad-business-in-just-two-quarters-2012-10 (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Business Insider , (2012). What Is It Like Working At Facebook?. Available from: businessinsider.com/what-is-it-like-working-at-facebook-2009-12?op=1 (Accessed on 13/11/2012) CNC World, (2012). Facebook ADs revenue rises. Available from: cncworld.tv/news/v_show/28730_Facebook_ADs_revenue_rises.shtml (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Crunch Base, (2012).   Mark Zuckerberg. Available from: crunchbase.com/person/mark-zuckerberg (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Damanpour, F. (1992). Organization size and innovation. Organization Studies, 13, 3, 375 – 402 Dosi, G. (1997). Opportunities, Incentives and the Collective Patterns of Technological Change. The Economic Journal, 107, September Drucker, P.F. (2002). The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 80, 8, 95-102 Freeman, C. and L. Soete (1997). The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Third Ed., London: Pinter Guardian, (2010). How to Confuse a Facebook User. Available from: guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/feb/11/facebook-readwriteweb (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Hoovers, (2012). Facebook Company Information. Available from: hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Facebook_Inc.f1fe73cc6a208e18.html (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Hopkins M. (2010). Innovation Isn’t ‘Creativity,’ It’s a Discipline You Manage. MitSloan Management Review, February Information Week, (2012). Facebook Hits 1 Billion Users: Now The Hard Part. Available from: informationweek.com/thebrainyard/news/social_networking_consumer/240008527/facebook-hits-1-billion-users-now-the-hard-part (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Littler, D., Leverick, F., Bruce, M., (2003). Factors affecting the process of collaborative product development:   a study of UK manufacturers of information and communications technology products. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12, 1, 16-32 Metcalfe, J. (1998). Cognitive optimism: Self-deception or memory based processing heuristics?. Personality Social Psychology Review, 2, 100-110 New Media Trend Watch, (2012), Available from: newmediatrendwatch.com/ (Accessed on 13/11/2012) New Yorker, (2010).The Face of Facebook. Available from: newyorker.com/reporting/2010/09/20/100920fa_fact_vargas (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Rogers, M (1998).   The Definition and Measurement of Innovation. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, p.6, The University of Melbourne: Australia Rothwell R. and M. Dodgson (1995), Innovation and Size of Firm, in Dodgson, M. and Rothwell, R., eds., The Handbook of Industrial Innovation, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 310-324 Tech Crunch, (2012). Mark Zuckerberg: Our Biggest Mistake Was Betting Too Much On HTML5. Available from: http://techcrunch.com/2012/09/11/mark-zuckerberg-our-biggest-mistake-with-mobile-was-betting-too-much-on-html5/ (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Time, (2012). Is It Time for Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg to Step Aside as CEO?. Available from: http://business.time.com/2012/08/01/is-it-time-for-facebooks-mark-zuckerberg-to-step-aside-as-ceo/ (Accessed on 13/11/2012)

Intercultural communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intercultural communication - Essay Example lates that: ‘The study of intercultural communication begins as a journey into another’s culture and ends as a journey into one’s own culture’. This last statement sensitized me on the extent that I detested my culture; that is the key reason why I decided to share Haiti’s cultural beliefs and background in relation to intercultural communication. Haitian culture comprises of African and French cultural aspects. African culture forms the most prevalent Haitian cultural setting, evidently from the high population of West Africans. Haitian culture, therefore, represents an integration of the language, artistry, and musical ideas from African and French cultures. Creole is the main language spoken by Haitians (Hall 149). Creole is an integration of French language and Haitian Creole. Considerable percentages of Haitians are religious and believe in Christianity, except for few who are Muslims. Haitians are outstanding artists specializing in woodcarving and painting. Their exceptional artistry emanates from the belief in conserving historical events through drawings. Moreover, Haitians remain conservative of their music culture through continued dance and music creativity. Haitians culture beliefs that their music has the potential of scaring off evil spirits and facilitating healing of specific diseases. Haitian traditional dance incorporates native drumming and rhythmic patterns inherently form African and French culture. When it comes to the two concepts of Universality and relativism, I tend to be more universalistic. For instance, I once watched on Facebook some Chinese preparing dog meat for supper and commercial purposes. The meat, to most people is not something that anybody should be eating, as it is a taboo in most cultures around the world. In another scenario, I watched some other Chinese roasting rats as a special meal for a birthday party. I felt disgusted not only by the idea of eating dogs or rats but also by the cruelty with which they

Explain and justify ways in which individuality, difference and Essay

Explain and justify ways in which individuality, difference and diversity can be respected and celebrated in work with parents - Essay Example The factor of working with parents generally helps to nurture as well as provide boundaries which ultimately lead towards the development of relationships (CSSP, 2010). It is usually described as the services which intend to facilitate the parents with regard to enhancing their parenting abilities. Moreover, it is regarded as a form of work which assists parental relationship, increases the confidence level of the parents and enhances the interactions between the child and parents (Crown, 2012). It has been apparently observed that social inequalities tend to exist in every community in different forms which deeply influences the lives as well as attitudes of the people by a considerable level. A community is found to be generally composed of different individuals who possess a broad assortment of values, opinions and beliefs which can be observed to be a significant reason behind the existence of social inequalities. It can be stated that there are different ways by which the aspect s of individuality, diversity as well as difference can be distinguished as well as valued in the course of working with parents. In this similar context, the facet of parents’ engagement can be considered to be one of the significant ways by which individuality, difference and diversity can be valued and distinguished (CSSP, 2010). In this discussion, the ways in which difference, diversity as well as individuality can be celebrated and respected related to working with parents will be taken into concern. Moreover, the legislative policies or the acts including Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 98, Equality Act 2010 and Special Educational Needs & Disability Act 2001 will also be discussed. Besides, the ways in which various aspects such as inclusion, equal opportunity, anti-discriminatory practices and non-judgemental approach can support working with parents will also be highlighted in the discussion. Individuality, Difference and Diversity Can Be Respected and Celebrate d in Work with Parents The chief principles relating to working with parents include the rights as well as requirements of the children, building partnership with the parents and adopting strength-based approach. It has been viewed that a major proportion of the parents desire to perform significant activities in order to offer a better life to their children along with developing their learning practices. The parents as well as the practitioners both work together towards delivering long-term benefits which ultimately poses an optimistic impact upon the development of the children. It is quite necessary to build an effective partnership with parents for the purpose of working together in delivering best interests with regard to the children. There are supposed to be several ways through which the parents can support the learning development of their children. The parents can develop the learning competencies of their children by generating an optimistic home learning